A photo of Madam C.J. Walker, the first woman to become a self-made millionaire in the United States, driving a car, circa 1911. From the New York Public Library.

How Mixed-Race Children in Post-WWII Germany Were Deemed a ‘Social Problem’

Customers stand outside Berry's Service Station in Tulsa.

Vegetable workers, migrants, waiting after work to be paid.Vegetable workers, migrants, waiting after work to be paid. Near Homestead, Florida, 1939. (Photo by: Photo 12/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)

<p><a class="" title="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/alexis-clark__;!!CyZMqN24eIU!AZzh9AfrVSzqrVjkXVwVTZDjyu1BuxMAPbKWJLTT853A3ao-xz1N50tRH4v6SqAh_mRiiLa7QuAchFGsbjyjZJfDOJI$" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/alexis-clark__;!!CyZMqN24eIU!AZzh9AfrVSzqrVjkXVwVTZDjyu1BuxMAPbKWJLTT853A3ao-xz1N50tRH4v6SqAh_mRiiLa7QuAchFGsbjyjZJfDOJI$">Alexis Clark</a> writes about race, culture and politics during major events and eras in American history. She has written for <em class="">The New York Times</em>, <i class="">Smithsonian,</i> <i class="">Preservation</i> and other publications. She <span class="">is the author of</span><em class=""> <a class="" title="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__thenewpress.com_books_enemies-2Dlove&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=0ZpTu-He2V3GUI-VETMmkwm8-GyOWSyeMJXqt7G42KA&amp;m=vpFTYcUfVUs9GtGQRA6WwT5-iH1bgnHi-HxUwTDh-qg&amp;s=6PFqlRd5x1ncA6c6zYc483kOI3Xx1ktVv1OJnGYyLxM&amp;e=" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__thenewpress.com_books_enemies-2Dlove&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=0ZpTu-He2V3GUI-VETMmkwm8-GyOWSyeMJXqt7G42KA&amp;m=vpFTYcUfVUs9GtGQRA6WwT5-iH1bgnHi-HxUwTDh-qg&amp;s=6PFqlRd5x1ncA6c6zYc483kOI3Xx1ktVv1OJnGYyLxM&amp;e=">Enemies in Love: A German POW, A Black Nurse, and an Unlikely Romance</a>, </em>and an assistant professor at Columbia Journalism School.</p>


Alexis Clark

Alexis Clark writes about race, culture and politics during major events and eras in American history. She has written for The New York Times, Smithsonian, Preservation and other publications. She is the author of Enemies in Love: A German POW, A Black Nurse, and an Unlikely Romance, and an assistant professor at Columbia Journalism School.

Alexis Clark Archives | HISTORY

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HISTORY

Alexis Clark writes about race, culture and politics during major events and eras in American history. She has written for The New York Times, Smithsonian, Preservation and other publications. She is the author of Enemies in Love: A German POW, A Black Nurse, and an Unlikely Romance, and an assistant professor at Columbia Journalism School.

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<p>In the Roaring Twenties, a surging economy created an era of mass consumerism, as Jazz-Age flappers flouted Prohibition laws and the Harlem Renaissance redefined arts and culture.</p>


Roaring Twenties

<p>World War II was the biggest and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries. Sparked by the 1939 Nazi invasion of Poland, the war dragged on for six bloody years until the Allies defeated the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy in 1945. Explore the battles, leaders and atrocities from the war and its impact on geopolitics and humankind.</p>


World War II

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<div class="p-rich_text_section">African Americans have played a central role in shaping U.S. history. From slavery and its abolition to the Great Migration, the civil rights movement and military, scientific, cultural and political achievements, explore key moments, milestones and figures in Black History.</div>
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Alexis Clark

Videos

The Ride Back: Something in the Air

The Ride Back: Legacy

The Ride Back: Fortune

The Ride Back: Enter the Circle

Stories

How Madam C.J. Walker Became a Self‑Made Millionaire

How Southern Landowners Tried to Restrict the Great Migration

Why Mixed‑Race Children in Post‑WWII Germany Were Deemed a ‘Social Problem’

9 Entrepreneurs Who Helped Build Tulsa’s ‘Black Wall Street’